Ngani ubuchwepheshe be-RO besalimane bungumkhakha wezindlela zokususa isilwane esincane kwezindawo zasekupheleni kwemvula

Ngani Ubuchwepheshe Be-RO Besalimane Bubangela Ukususa Isilwane Ngokuphelele Kwezindawo Zasekupheleni Kwemvula

Umsebenzi wokwahlukanisa kwezinhlobo zomoya: Izindlela zokuziphatha kwezinkulungwane nezinkulungwane zokuziphatha kwezinhlobo zomoya ngapansi kuka-99.7% yokususa isilwane

Imemebhrane yokuqondisa amanzi emhlabathini isebenza ngokuthi kusolwa kanye nokudlula—akukho ukubhekisa okuphelele. Ngaphansi kwesiforce sokugcina esiphezulu esikhipha isiforce sokugcina sokwenzela amanzi emhlabathini (~30 bar), amawater molecules asolwa kanye nodlula ngaphansi kwelithambo lepolyamide elilungile, elingasolwa, ngaphandle kokuthi izinkomo zokufaka zihlukaniswe kakhulu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kuyisibonelo sokugcina isiforce sokuzimela okwenza ukuthi kuhlanganiswe izinkomo zokufaka ngaphezu kwe-99.7%, njengoba kubonisiwe nguAmerican Membrane Technology Association (AMTA, 2023). Amaphathi amaningi (isibonelo: isulfate, i-calcium) ayabhekiswa kabili—ngokukhulu kanye nesilinganiso—ngaphandle kokuthi isidingo sokugcina esikhulu kwe-pH esingenabizo kanye ne-alkaline sibhekisa i-chloride kanye nezinye izinkomo zokufaka, ekunika indlela yokusebenza ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo zezinkomo zokufaka zasekupheleni kwezintaba kanye nezintemperatura.

Ukuboniswa Kwempilo: Isivuno seSorek se-624,000 m³/day esisebenzisa imemebhrane yokuqondisa amanzi emhlabathini ezingaphezu kwe-156,000

Lokhu kunemba kwamangqamuzana kuyalinganiswa ngendlela ethembekile: Isitshalo sokukhipha usawoti saseSorek kwa-Israyeli isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni se-SWROsikhiqiza amanzi okuphuza angu-624 000 m3/usuku ngamanzi olwandle lwaseMedithera (~40 000 ppm TDS) kus Ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti okuqhubekayo okungu-> 99.7% kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwelebhu kuholela ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside, okuphelele. Okubaluleke kakhulu, impumelelo ayixhomekile kuphela ekwakhiweni kwe-membrane kodwa futhi nasekwakhiweni kwe-hydraulic okuhlanganisiwe: izakhi ezi-intshi ezingu-16 ezi-spiral-wound zikhulisa indawo esebenzayo yendawo ngayinye yevolumu, zinciphise ukufakwa kwamandla kanye nesidingo samandla

Amanzi olwandle ama-RO Membranes njengendlela eyinhloko yokunciphisa izindleko nokusebenza kahle kwamandla

Ukwenza ngcono amandla: ukwehla ngo-32% kwama-kWh/m3 kusukela ngo-2010 ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwe-RO membrane enamanzi olwandle aphansi, aphezulu

Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuqondile kwe-SWRO kwehle ngama-32% kusukela ngo-2010manje okuyisilinganiso esingu-2,53,5 kWh/m3 (Global Water Intelligence, 2023)ikakhulukazi ngenxa yentuthuko yezinto ezincane ezikhungethe amanzi, ezikhungethe amanzi amaningi. Lezi zinguquko zivumela ukusebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi ngenkathi kugcinwa ukwaliwa kasawoti okungaphezu kuka-99.7%, kunciphisa umsebenzi odingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe ukumelana ne-osmotic. Lapho zihlanganiswa namadivayisi wokubuyisela amandla asebenza kahle kakhulu (ama-ERD) abuyisa > 95% wengcindezi yamanzi anosawoti, izinhlelo zesimanje zisondela emingceleni ye-thermodynamic. Amamojula anamandla kakhulu anamuhla anezingqimba ezihamba ngomumo ezihlanganisa indawo engamamitha angu-600 ububanzi, okwenza kube namandla amaningi amanzi. Umphumela uwukunciphisa okuncane kwe-OPEX: isitshalo esikhulu somasipala singonga izigidi ngonyaka ngezindleko zikagesi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezafakwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.

Umnotho Wempilo: Imimembrane imelela u-812% kuphela we-OPEX yeminyaka engama-20 kodwa inikeza u-65% wokuthuthuka kokusebenza kahle kwesistimu

Nakuba ukubuyisela kwe-membrane kuyasebenza kuphela ku-8–12% yezindleko zokusebenzisa isithuthi ngeminyaka emashumi mbili (IDA, 2022), izimembrane ziyasebenza ngokuphelele ku-65% yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yonke. Ukusebenza kwazo kuyaphatha ngqo ukuvula, ukugcina kwe-salt, ifreqwensi yokuchisha, nokunyuswa komthelela. Izimembrane ezikhulu, ezingatholakali ngokushesha, ziyakhala ngeminyaka eyi-5–7, zibeka ubude bokuchisha ngamachemikhali, futhi zibeka inombolo yezinto ezingafanele—kubeka izindleko zokuthengisa nezokusebenzisa zihlala phansi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izimembrane ezincane ukuthengisa ziyakhula izindleko zokusebenzisa kwe-energy ngama-15–20% futhi zidinga ukubuyiselwa ngokushesha, kubeka ukuthola kwe-lifecycle kuhlanganise. Kuma-utility ezingaphakathi kwezilwanyana nezinkampani ezingasemthini, okuzimele ngokuthi zingabona ukuthi izindleko zizigqamisa, ukukhetha izimembrane ngokuphelele nokuphatha ngokuphambili ukungafani kwe-fouling kuyenza ukuthi izindleko zokuthenga umsindo zibe phansi kwe-$0.50/m³—kubeka ukuthintela amanzi kuyisahluko esikhulayo esinokutholakala ngokufanele emazweni athile.

Ukuhlanya Ukuphatha Kwamandla, Ukungafani Kwe-Fouling, Nokususa Kwe-Boron Emaswini AseKuseni

Ukubambisana kwe-Fouling–Flux: Kungani ukubambisana kwe-biofouling ne-scaling kubhekisa ubukhulu bokusebenza kwe-membrane yase-Mediterranean RO ngeminyaka

Imembrane yase-Mediterranean RO ibhekisa isibonelo sokubambisana phakathi kwe-flux yokuqala enkulu ne-ukubambisana ngeminyaka yokubambisana. Ukubambisana kwe-biofouling—ukwakha kwe-biofilm yamaphawu—ne-scaling yamazinyo (isibonelo, calcium carbonate, gypsum) kubhekisa ukuphuma kwe-permeate, kubhekisa ipresha yomlando, nokongeza inombolo yokuhlola. Izifundo zokubona izinto eziyisisekelo zibonisa ukuthi ukwakha kwe-biofilm kungabhekisa i-normalized flux ngapansi kwe-30% noma kude kuminyaka (PMC, 2021), ikakhulu emizini yezinyo ezinomphumela, ezinomphumela okuningi. Nakuba abahleli bafaka amathuba okuhlela isibonelo esihlele kanye nesikhundla esihlele ukuze bakhulule ukubambisana, lezi ziqukithelo zingabhekisa ukuthi i-permeability yokuqala ingabeka phansi. Ukusebenza okuphelele kufanele kubhekise ukukhetha imembrane ekhethiwe ngokuthi eqiniso ukusebenza: i-flux esifanayo ukuze kubhekise amathuba, kanye nokubambisana okuphelele kwezimo zokubambisana zokubambisana ne-scaling ezinomphumela kwezinyo zasekhanda.

Ukugcina Kwemithambo: Indlela okukhona ngayo imithambo yezinkampani ezingaphansi kwezimbili nezinkampani ezihlukaniswe ukuvikela ukuthi ubhoron iyalandela imithambo futhi ukuvikela ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphelele

Ukukhupha i-boron kunezinkinga ezithile: kusuka ku-pH yamanzi amanzi emhlabeni (ngokugcwele ~8.1), i-boron iphuma ngokupheleleyo njenge-acid yase-boric engaqondi, okuyisiphumo sokuthi isihlwa sika-RO sikhupha kuphela ngokugcwele ~93%—akukho konke ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla (kungabi nangaphezulu kwe-0.5 mg/L). Izinhlobo zezibini zokuphatha nezinhlobo zokwahlula umgodi zisolve lokhu ngaphandle kokukhupha ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla noma ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokusebenza. Kuzinhlobo zezibini zokuphatha, ukuphakamisa i-pH yomgodi wokuphatha kwesibili ku-10–11 kuhuba i-boric acid ku-borate enegxolo elinye, okuvutha ukukhupha kungaphezulu kwe-99%. Isimo sesihlwa sokwahlula umgodi sivutha lokhu futhi: kuphela isiqingatha sezibhalo zokuphatha kwesokunye esizokuphatha kufaka i-pH futhi kufaka ukuphatha kwesibili kubonakalisa ukuthi kushintsha ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla noma ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokusebenza. Umqondo wokuphatha okuqondene nokusebenza kwe-membrane, ukuchaza kwe-mgodi, nokubeka kwe-system uyavutha ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla ngokupheleleyo njengoba kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla zokwesandla, futhi uyavutha ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokudla zokwesandla noma ukuthi kubhekise kumazwi wezindawo zokusebenza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iyiphi indlela eyinhloko amanzi olwandle aqeda ngayo usawoti?

Izingqimba ze-RO zamanzi olwandle zisekelwe endleleni yokuhlakazeka kwesisombululo. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ama-molecule amanzi ancibilika futhi asakazeke ungqimba lwe-polyamide oluqinile lwensimbi, kuyilapho usawoti wenqatshwa ngenxa yobukhulu nokufakwa kwe-charge.

Kungani ukusebenzisa kahle amandla kubalulekile ekususeni usawoti emanzini olwandle?

Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kagesi kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kwezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti. Izindwangu zamanje zamanzi olwandle ze-RO, ezihlanganiswe namadivayisi wokubuyisa amandla, zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngama-32% kusukela ngo-2010, zonga izindleko futhi zisondela emingceleni yokusebenza kahle.

Izingqimba ze-RO zamanzi olwandle ziyasiza kanjani ekunciphiseni izindleko ezitshalweni zokukhipha usawoti?

Izinto ezintsha ezisetshenziswayo ezakha ulwelwesi zenza kube lula ukusebenzisa amandla amancane futhi kusebenze kahle kakhulu. Amaphethini futhi anciphisa ukugeleza kukasawoti nokuhlanza kaningi, anweba isikhathi sokusebenza, futhi anciphise izindleko zokusebenza nezemali, okuholela ekulondolozeni okukhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinkinga ziziphakamisa njani ukungafaneleka nokufutha, futhi zihlawulwa njani?

Ukungafaneleka kwezinhlobo nekufutha kuhlukanisa ubukhulu be-membrane ngokuphepha ukuvula kanye nokuphakama kwezinqumbu kanye nokunquma izinkumbulo zokuchitha. Ukuze kubhekwe lezi zinkinga, abahleli be-membrane bakhulisa ubukhulu be-membrane kanye nomlando wakho wokufutha, bavumela ukuthi kubhekwe ubukhulu be-membrane kanye nokuvula kanye nokungafaneleka.

Kungani ukuthi i-boron isuswana kwezilwane zomfula wasebhayini ukuze kubhekwe izindlela zomfula wokudla?

I-boron ibaluleke njengomfula we-boric acid kwezilwane zomfula wasebhayini, okungatholakali kahle. Izikhombisa zezimboni ezimbili kanye nezikhombisa zezimboni zokwahlukanisa umsila, ezivumela ukuguqula i-pH kanye nokuchitha okukhethekile, kusiza ekufinyezeni i-boron emzimbeni engaphezu kwe-0.5 mg/L ngokugcina amandla kanye nokuvula.