Izifundamenteli zokuthengiselwa kwezinye izizwe zize ziyimini zezindlu zikwamaphakathi zokusebenza kwe-RO membrane elements

Ukufika emazweni amasha okuthengiselwa kwezindlu zokusebenza kwe-reverse osmosis (RO) membrane elements kudinga ukubuka phakathi kwesikhundla esikhulu sokuphepha, ukuthenga nokuphepha kwezinto zokusebenza, nokuphepha kwezinto zokusebenza kwezinto zokusebenza. Ngoba i-RO membranes zihlanganisa ngqo ngezinto zokudla, abalawuli beshicilela ukuthi kunezindlela zokubonisa ngokwesibonelo sokuthi izinto zokusebenza zihlanganisa ngokuphepha izinto eziningi ngaphandle kokukhupha izinto ezingathembeki kumnqolo wamanzi.

Ukuziqonda izinhlangano zokubhalisa iziqu zezwe zonke kuyisisekelo sokuthenga kwamanzi, abasalela, nokuthenga amasistimu. Ukulandela ukuthi izinhlelo zokuphatha zizimele ngamandla aseNtshonalanga, e-Europe, ne-Asia-Pasifika kusiza ukuthi kufunde kwezinyawo, ukuthi kubuyekeze kakhulu emazweni, nokuthi abasebenzi bakhumbule kakhulu.

Ukusebenza nokubalwa kwezinto ezithile eNtshonalanga

E-Ntshonalanga, iziqu zama-NSF/ANSI ziyisisekelo sokubhalisa iziqu zokuthenga kwamanzi okukhethwa ngomuntu. Ukuthola ukuthi kufanele kulesi sisekelo kusiza ukuthi isikhombiso sokuthenga kusenziwa ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sakusebenza kwayo futhi kusetyenziswa izinto ezingenakho ukuthi zihlabele kanye nezinto ezingenakho ukuthi zihlabele.

Ukubhalisa ukusebenza ngokwama-NSF/ANSI 58

I-NSF/ANSI Standard 58 iyindinganiso eyinhloko elawula izinhlelo zokuhlala ze-reverse osmosis. Igxile ekuqinisekiseni izimangalo zokunciphisa ukungcola okuhlobene nempilo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Ukuqinisekiswa kuhilela ukuhlola isakhiwo esiphelele endaweni yokusetshenziswa kuhlanganise ne-membrane element ye-composite (TFC) enciphisayo, izihlungi zangaphambi kokugxusha, kanye nethangi lokugcina elinomfutho.

Phakathi nokuhlolwa okunzima kwezinsuku ezingu-16 okuhilela izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi okuhlolwa, amalebhu okuhlola ahlola indlela ulwelwesi olulahla ngayo izinto eziqinile ezixubekile nokungcola okulimazayo. Imigomo eyinhloko yokuhlola ihlanganisa:

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: I-lead encibilikisiwe, ithusi, i-chromium enamandla ayisithupha ne-arsenic.

• Amakhemikhali Angaphili: Ama-nitrate, ama-nitrite nama-fluoride.

• Izingozi Zokuphila: Ama-cyst anamagciwane afana I-Giardia kanti Cryptosporidium .

• Izingxube eziqinile eziqediwe (TDS): Ukuhlanganisa ukuthi amasalti aqondwa kahle futhi amathuba okubuyisela umsindo wokugcina.

Ukubonisa ukuthi uyasebenza ngokulingana ne-NSF/ANSI 58 kusiza abathengi ukuthi isikhombisa esihlukile sisebenza ngokuphelele ukuthi sibuyeke amasalti akhulu futhi sithola amanzi amhlophe ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinsuku zokusebenza kwayo.

Ubunzima bechemikhali nokuthi kungafika kini ngokuphelele nge-NSF/ANSI 61

Ngakumbi, Isistandare 58 isizathu sokuthi isikhombisa sithatha njani, kodwa isistandare se-NSF/ANSI 61 isizathu sokuthi isikhombisa singathatha njani. Lokhu kusobala ubunzima bechemikhali wezinto zonke zezinkambo ezingena emanzini, kufaka izincwadi zepolymers, izincwadi zepolysulfone zokuvumela, izincwadi zetrikot zokuvumela, izincwadi zemithambo yekholi yendawo yokuqondwa, futhi izincwadi zemakhemikhali okuhlanganisa.

Ukuziphatha kuyindlela yokufaka izinto ezihlukileyo emanzini okuthi zibe yizinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile. Amaphesiteli abhekisa izinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile, izinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile, izinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile, nezinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile. Ukuphatha i-Standard 61 kubonisa ukuthi izinto zingakwazi ukunika umlando wokuphatha ukuthi zilungile, umlando wokuphatha ukuthi zilungile, noma izinkambo zokuphatha ukuthi zilungile emanzini okuthi zilungile. Ukuphatha i-NSF/ANSI 58 ne-61 kubonisa ukuthi izinto zilungile kakhulu futhi ziyatholakala ngokuphelele kwezinduna eziphambili eMzantsi Afrika neKanada.

Ukuguqula kwezinto zokuphatha kwe-EU

Ukuthumela izinto zokuphatha kwe-RO kwezindawo zokuphatha kwe-Europe kudinga ukuthi zilungile kwezinhlelo zokuphatha zase-EU futhi kwezindawo zokuphatha zasezwe. Ikhaya lokuphatha kwe-Europe libeka isibonelo esikhulu esikhulu sokuphatha kwezinto futhi ukuthi izinto zokuphatha kwezindawo zokuphatha ziyatholakala ngokuphelele.

Ukuvimbela kwezinto zokuphatha kanye ne-Directive yamanzi okuthi ayilungile yase-EU

Kusukela kwezinyathelo zokubaluleka, i-Framework Regulation EC No. 1935/2004 ishaya ukuthi izinto ezihambisana nezinkumbulo zokudla kufanele akhishwe amasimungu okuchaza ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo nesilinganiso sokuphatha umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zase-Europe zokubaluleka kwamakhemikhali zokusebenza kwe-REACH zilungiselela ngokuphelele izinto eziphakeme kakhulu (SVHC) kuzinzinzile zokwenziwa. Izinkokhelo, izinkokhelo zokuvimbisa, nezinkokhelo zokuhambisana okusetshenziselwa kwezinkokhelo zokuvimbisa kufanele zibhalwe ngokuphelele futhi zibe ngezinto ezingavunyelwanga.

I-Directive yase-EU yokudla inkumbulo (EU 2020/2184) yavumela izindlela zokuphatha izinkumbulo ngokuphelele kuzonke izizwe zase-EU. Le ndlela yavumela uluhlu lwe-Europe lwamakhemikhali okuvunyelwa njengamakhemikhali okwakhiwa kwezinkokhelo eziphakeme. Abakhi amakhemikhali kufanele bakhubaze izinto zokwakhiwa zonke futhi bahlishe izinto zabo kubaphathi abaningi bakhothama ukubona ukuthi izinto zokuphakama kwezinkokhelo azikwazi ukufika ekhaya lokudla inkumbulo.

Izivumelwano zezizwe: WRAS no-ACS

Ngakolwaka ukuthi izindikimba zase-EU zihlanganisa izindlela zokusebenza zemithambo yezinkimba, amazwe ase-Europe ayithola ngokwesibonelo izindlela zokuzinikela kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kumathuluzi nezindlela zokunika amanzi:

• Ukuvumwa kuka-WRAS (United Kingdom): Isikole sokuqondisa imithambo yamanzi (WRAS) sijabisa izinto ezingasenzi inkimba ukuze sizamele ukuthi azisise amanzi, akhulule ukusetshenziswa kakhulu, noma asibophele amanzi. Ukuvumwa kuka-WRAS kujabisa ukuthi izinto zingasiza ukuthi zihlukanise amanzi noma zisiza ukuthi izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zizwele kahle, futhi kuyisidingo esikhulu kubantu abahlala emakhaya e-England, e-Wales, ne-Scotland.

• Ukuvumwa kuka-ACS (France): U Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire yilicenso elisidingekile lokuzinikela ukuthi izinto ziyisivumelwano nesifundo sokuphepha kwamanzi okudla e-France. Ukujabisa kuka-ACS kujabisa izinto zokufunda (ukuchaza nokushisa) njengoba kuyisidingo sokuthi ukuthi izinto zingasiza ukuthi izinkimba zokuthi zihlukanise amanzi zingaba phansi kwezindlela ezisivumelwane.

Ukuthola ukuvumwa kuka-WRAS nokuvumwa kuka-ACS kusiza ukufinyelela emibili kwezinkulu kwezinkulu zokusebenza kwezinkimba zokuphepha kwamanzi kwezwe laseWestern Europe.

Izifundo zokuvumwa kwezikhundla kwe-Asia-Pacific

Indawo yase-Asia-Pasifika iyathola izinkinga zokusebenza eziphathelene nezwe, noma yiliphi ilizwe liphakamisa amasayensi aseNingizimu Afrika okukhethekile ukuthi libeke ubuhle bokuphila kwezomnotho futhi libeke izinkinga zokubalwa kwamanzi emhlabeni.

Ukuzimisela Kuzwakala Ngaphandle Kwesayensi YaseBIS IS 16240

Amazwi ase-India ayagcina amanzi ngokuvamile ngokuthi akhona amasayensi amaningi asekhaya, ukuguqula kwezinkathi zokugcina amanzi, nokufana kwezinkulungwane. Ukuthintana nesayensi yasekhaya, iBureau of Indian Standards iyasebenzisa ukuzimisela kweBIS IS 16240 okuyizimiso ezikhethekile kwezinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi ngokusebenzisa iRO (reverse osmosis) ngokusebenzisa izinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi.

IBIS IS 16240 ibeka izimiso ezikhulu zokugcina isalt, ukubuyela kwamanzi, ukuphuma kwezinkulungwane, nokubalwa kwezinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi. Abahlinzi abafika emhlabeni kufanele bavakaliswe emhlabeni wabo futhi babuye benze izinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi kumashishini ase-India okubalwa kwezinkulungwane. Uma akho ukuzimisela kweBIS, izinkulungwane zokugcina amanzi ngokusebenzisa iRO azikwazi ukuphuma emhlabeni noma kusalelwa ngokuzimisela kuleli zizwe.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okujwayelekile eJapane nge-JIS K 0101

IJapane isebenzisa indlela yobuchwepheshe obuphakeme yokuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza, eqondiswa amaJapane Industrial Standards (JIS). Izinga le-JIS K 0101 lichaza izindlela zokuhlola ezisemthethweni zekhwalithi yamanzi ezimboni nezokuhlala, lisungula izivumelwano eziqinile zokulinganisa ukususwa kwe-TDS, ukwenqatshwa kwezinto ezisohlwini, nokulawulwa kwamagciwane.

Abangenisi baseJapane nabakhi bezimiso bafuna imibiko yokuhlola evela ema-laboratory agunyaziwe eqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ye-RO igcina ubuqotho be-pore obuqinile kakhulu kanye nokugeleza okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokungena eguquguqukayo. Ukuhambisana nezinqubo zokuhlola ze-JIS kuyisidingo esiyinhloko sokwakha ukwethenjwa emakethe yaseJapan yemishini yasendlini esezingeni eliphakeme.

Isifinyezo Sezindinganiso Eziyinhloko Zokuqinisekisa Umhlaba Wonke

Ukusebenza okuhambisana nokuthembeka kwe-OEM ngo-Hynamo Water

Ukuhamba kwezinhlangano zezomnotho zemikhosi yezinsizakalo kuzodinga umsebenzi wokusebenzisa izinkambo ezithile ngokwesibonelo esihle, nokuthi kufanele kube nesifundo eside ngamakhemikali, nokuthi kubekwe amathuba okukhula okuhambisana nokuthembeka. Ngokuba ngu-umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa izinkambo zokuvalela kwe-RO ezenzekelayo ngokwesibonelo esihle, Hynamo Water ayithuthukisa izinkambo zokuvalela kwezindlu, kwezinkambo zokusebenza, nezinkambo zokusebenza kwezindustria, ezithunywa ngokwesibonelo esihle futhi ziyahamba ngaphezulu kwesibonelo sezomnotho.

Ngokusebenzisa izinkambo zokusebenza ezinhlamvu kanye nezinkambo zokusebenza ngokwesibonelo esihle, nokuthi kusetyenziswa ukusebenza kwe-thin-film composite casting technology, nokuthi kusetyenziswa ukusebenza kwe-OEM/ODM okuthunywa ngokwesibonelo esihle, Hynamo Water ayavumela izinkambo zokuvalela ezenzekelayo, ezinhlamvu, nezinkambo zokuvalela ezinhlamvu, ezithunywa ngokwesibonelo esihle futhi ziyahamba ngokwesibonelo sezomnotho nezinkambo zokusebenza zezomnotho.